Group 1 ------- abundo, abundare, abundavi, abundatus be abundant, exceed; overflow {super+ = be very abundant} accommodo, accommodare, accommodavi, accommodatus adapt, accommodate, adjust to accumulo, accumulare, accumulavi, accumulatus accumulate, add, increase accuso, accusare, accusavi, accusatus accuse, blame adjuvo, adjuvare, adjuv(av)i, adjuv(at)us help, aid, encourage adnoto, adnotare, adnotavi, adnotatus note, notice; record adoro, adorare, adoravi, adoratus adore, honor, worship, reverence aestimo, aestimare, aestimavi, aestimatus assess, estimate; consider, judge; esteem, value allevo, allevare, allevavi, allevatus lift up, raise, exalt amo, amare, amavi, amatus love anhelo, anhelare, anhelavi, anhelatus pant, gasp appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatus call; name; appeal (to); bring to court; accuse applico, applicare, applicui, applicitus connect, contact; apply, devote to approbo, approbare, approbavi, approbatus approve; confirm auxilio, auxiliare, auxiliavi, auxiliatus help canto, cantare, cantavi, cantatus sing celo, celare, celavi, celatus conceal, hide celebro, celebrare, celebravi, celebratus celebrate clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatus proclaim; shout clarifico, clarificare, clarificavi, clarificatus illuminate colloco, collocare, collocavi, collocatus place, put; settle, establish in marriage commemoro, commemorare, commemoravi, commemoratus recall; remember; mention commendo, commendare, commendavi, commendatus entrust; commit; recommend communico, communicare, communicavi, communicatus communicate; share comparo, comparare, comparavi, comparatus prepare; provide; set up/establish; arrange, dispose comporto, comportare, comportavi, comportatus carry, transport condemno, condemnare, condemnavi, condemnatus condemn, convict confirmo, confirmare, confirmavi, confirmatus strengthen, secure; confirm, support congrego, congregare, congregavi, congregatus collect, gather conservo, conservare, conservavi, conservatus keep, save; preserve conspiro, conspirare, conspiravi, conspiratus plot, conspire consolo, consolare, consolavi, consolatus console, cheer; take comfort (pass) convoco, convocare, convocavi, convocatus assemble; convoke; summon crucio, cruciare, cruciavi, cruciatus torment, torture curo, curare, curavi, curatus see to; take care; cure; damno, damnare, damnavi, damnatus condemn, find guilty; sentence, judge debello, debellare, debellavi, debellatus vanquish, subdue (end a war/fight) declaro, declarare, declaravi, declaratus declare deerro, deerrare, deerravi, deerratus go astray, wander; err degusto, degustare, degustavi, degustatus taste delibero, deliberare, deliberavi, deliberatus deliberate demonstro, demonstrare, demonstravi, demonstratus to demonstrate, reveal denuntio, denuntiare, denuntiavi, denuntiatus announce, warn desidero, desiderare, desideravi, desideratus desire, want determino, determinare, determinavi, determinatus determine, limit, set bounds to dissimulo, dissimulare, dissimulavi, dissimulatus conceal, disguise, hide do, dare, dedi, datus give, hand over dono, donare, donavi, donatus give, donate dubito, dubitare, dubitavi, dubitatus doubt; hesitate duro, durare, duravi, duratus harden; last, remain; endure educo, educare, educavi, educatus bring up; train; educate enumero, enumerare, enumeravi, enumeratus enumerate; count erro, errare, erravi, erratus go astray; err exalto, exaltare, exaltavi, exaltatus exalt, elevate, praise excito, excitare, excitavi, excitatus raise, erect; excite, stir up excrucio, excruciare, excruciavi, excruciatus torture; torment existimo, existimare, existimavi, existimatus value; think; judge; estimate exopto, exoptare, exoptavi, exoptatus long for explano, explanare, explanavi, explanatus explain explico, explicare, explicavi, explicatus explain, explicate exploro, explorare, exploravi, exploratus explore exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatus expect, await exulto, exultare, exultavi, exultatus exult, leap, rejoice fabrico, fabricare, fabricavi, fabricatus build, construct fatigo, fatigare, fatigavi, fatigatus weary, tire, fatigue festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatus hasten, hurry formo, formare, formavi, formatus form, shape genero, generare, generavi, generatus gernerate, beget, produce glorifico, glorificare, glorificavi, glorificatus glorify; magnify, honor guberno, gubernare, gubernavi, gubernatus govern, direct, manage, guide, control gusto, gustare, gustavi, gustatus taste habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatus inhabit; live {in+ = dwell in, occupy} honoro, honorare, honoravi, honoratus honor, respect humilio, humiliare, humiliavi, humiliatus humble ignoro, ignorare, ignoravi, ignoratus not know, be ignorant of illumino, illuminare, illuminavi, illuminatus illuminate, give light to; light up immuto, immutare, immutavi, immutatus change, transform impetro, impetrare, impetravi, impetratus to ask and obtain, procure impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatus order, command indico, indicare, indicavi, indicatus indicate insinuo, insinuare, insinuavi, insinuatus insert, suggest, insinuate instauro, instaurare, instauravi, instauratus renew, restore, repeat intro, intrare, intravi, intratus enter; go into invetero, inveterare, inveteravi, inveteratus become rooted; make old, grow old judico, judicare, judicavi, judicatus judge; decide laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratus work, labor; produce laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus praise lavo, lavare, lavi, lavatus wash, bathe; soak libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatus free; acquit, absolve; liberate, release ligo, ligare, ligavi, ligatus bind, tie, fasten; unite magnifico, magnificare, magnificavi, magnificatus magnify, praise, exalt manifesto, manifestare, manifestavi, manifestatus reveal, make known; disclose; clarify medico, medicare, medicavi, medicatus heal, cure, treat; medicate mico, micare, micui, - shine; tremble monstro, monstrare, monstravi, monstratus show mortifico, mortificare, mortificavi, mortificatus mortify, subdue; kill; destroy multiplico, multiplicare, multiplicavi, multiplicatus multiply, increase mundo, mundare, mundavi, mundatus clean, cleanse muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatus move, change; modify nomino, nominare, nominavi, nominatus name, call noto, notare, notavi, notatus observe; record; write objurgo, objurgare, objurgavi, objurgatus scold, reproach observo, observare, observavi, observatus watch, observe occupo, occupare, occupavi, occupatus occupy opero, operare, operavi, operatus work opto, optare, optavi, optatus choose, select; wish, desire oro, orare, oravi, oratus pray; beseech, beg, ask for; worship paro, parare, paravi, paratus prepare; provide pecco, peccare, peccavi, peccatus sin, do wrong penetro, penetrare, penetravi, penetratus penetrate pervestigo, pervestigare, pervestigavi, pervestigatus investigate; explore porto, portare, portavi, portatus carry, bring praedico, praedicare, praedicavi, praedicatus proclaim, preach; predict, foretell praenuntio, praenuntiare, praenuntiavi, praenuntiatus foretell, preannounce praeoccupo, praeoccupare, praeoccupavi, praeoccupatus anticipate praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestitus give, grant; show, exhibit; fulfill, guarantee probo, probare, probavi, probatus approve, certify; test, prove propitio, propitiare, propitiavi, propitiatus propitate, appease proximo, proximare, proximavi, proximatus come near, approach publico, publicare, publicavi, publicatus make public; publish pulso, pulsare, pulsavi, pulsatus beat; pulsate puto, putare, putavi, putatus think, believe, suppose; estimate, value quaerito, quaeritare, quaeritavi, quaeritatus seek, search for recipero, reciperare, reciperavi, reciperatus restore; recuperate, get-back recreo, recreare, recreavi, recreatus restore, revive (recreate) recuso, recusare, recusavi, recusatus reject, refuse; object relaxo, relaxare, relaxavi, relaxatus loosen, widen; relax renovo, renovare, renovavi, renovatus renew, restore; revive repugno, repugnare, repugnavi, repugnatus fight back, oppose; disagree with resero, reserare, reseravi, reseratus open up, unseal, unfasten; uncover resono, resonare, resonavi, resonatus resound roboro, roborare, roboravi, roboratus strengthen; reinforce rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatus ask; invite sacrifico, sacrificare, sacrificavi, sacrificatus sacrifice salto, saltare, saltavi, saltatus dance sano, sanare, sanavi, sanatus cure, heal; correct sanctifico, sanctificare, sanctificavi, sanctificatus sanctify satio, satiare, satiavi, satiatus satisfy, satiate; nourish servo, servare, servavi, servatus keep, preserve, maintain significo, significare, significavi, significatus signify signo, signare, signavi, signatus mark, sign; seal specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatus observe, watch, see spero, sperare, speravi, speratus hope; trust sudo, sudare, sudavi, sudatus sweat, perspire; exude supero, superare, superavi, superatus overcome; surpass respecto, respectare, respectavi, respectatus respect, have regard for; await tormento, tormentare, tormentavi, tormentatus torment, torture tracto, tractare, tractavi, tractatus draw, pull; treat, discuss trano, tranare, tranavi, tranatus swim across vaco, vacare, vacavi, vacatus be vacant; be free venero, venerare, veneravi, veneratus adore, venerate; worship vexo, vexare, vexavi, vexatus shake, jolt; annoy, trouble, harass, disturb, vex vigilo, vigilare, vigilavi, vigilatus watch; be vigilant visito, visitare, visitavi, visitatus visit vivifico, vivificare, vivificavi, vivificatus vivify, bring to life voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus call, summon; name {= ad+ = invite} volo, volare, volavi, volatus fly vulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratus wound, injure, harm; damage Group 2 ------- abscondeo, abscondere, abscondui, absconditus hide, conceal adhibeo, adhibere, adhibui, adhibitus use, employ; summon, invite; put, add appareo, apparere, apparui, apparitus appear, seem ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus burn, blaze; be on fire compleo, complere, complevi, completus fill; finish, complete, perfect; fulfil debeo, debere, debui, debitus owe; ought, must decet, decere, decit it is fitting/right/suitable/proper detineo, detinere, detinui, detentus hinder; detain; hold off doceo, docere, docui, doctus teach egeo, egere, egui, - need, lack, want; require (w/gen/abl) exhibeo, exhibere, exhibui, exhibitus present; exhibit exerceo, exercere, exercui, exercitus exercise, practice exterreo, exterrere, exterrui, exterritus scare, terrify fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi, - flash, shine; glow habeo, habere, habui, habitus have, hold impleo, implere, implevi, impletus satisfy, fulfill, realize; fill, finish, complete inhaereo, inhaerere, inhaesi, inhaesus stick to, cling, adhere (w/dat) invideo, invidere, invidi, invisus envy; be jealous of jaceo, jacere, jacui, jacitus lie (down); sleep jubeo, jubere, jussi, jussus order, command liceo, licere, licit to be allowed / permitted / possible / lawful luceo, lucere, luxi, - shine, light maneo, manere, mansi, mansus remain, stay moneo, monere, monui, monitus remind, advise, warn moveo, movere, movi, motus move, stir oportet, oportere, oportit it is right, proper, necessary, becoming (3rd person) pertineo, pertinere, pertinui, pertentus pertain to; relate to; concern placeo, placere, placui, placitus please, satisfy, give pleasure to (w/dat) praesideo, praesidere, praesidi, - preside, sit (over) promereo, promerere, promerui, promeritus deserve, merit; earn; gain repleo, replere, replevi, repletus fill, complete resplendeo, resplendere, resplendui, - shine brightly; radiate light rideo, ridere, risi, risus laugh retineo, retinere, retinui, retentus hold back, restrain; retain, be kept rubeo, rubere, -, - be red, become red sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessus sit suadeo, suadere, suasi, suasus recommend; suggest sustineo, sustinere, sustinui, sustentus support; sustain studeo, studere, studui, - to attend to, work on (w/dat) taceo, tacere, tacui, tacitus be silent teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus hold, keep tergeo, tergere, tersi, tersus wipe, wipe off; clean terreo, terrere, terrui, territus terrify, scare timeo, timere, timui, - fear valeo, valere, valui, valitus be strong/powerful/healthy video, videre, vidi, visus see Group 3 ------- abicio, abicere, abjeci, abjectus abandon, cast off, reject abluo, abluere, ablui, ablutus purify, wash, cleanse absolvo, absolvere, absolvi, absolutus forgive, free accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptus get, receive; accept, take acquiesco, acquiescere, acquievi, acquietus rest, repose; acquiesce (assent) acquiro, acquirere, acquisivi, acquisitus acquire, obtain, get addo, addere, addidi, additus add adduco, adducere, adduxi, adductus to lead (up/to); persuade, induce admitto, admittere, admisi, admissus admit adsuesco, adsuescere, adsuevi, adsuetus accustom (become/grow) aedifacio, aedifacere, -, - build, erect; create; establish afficio, afficere, affeci, affectus affect; influence; afflict affligo, affligere, afflixi, afflictus afflict, damage ago, agere, egi, actus drive, push; thank; speak alo, alere, alui, alitus feed, nourish, nurse animadverto, animadvertere, animadverti, animadversus notice, observe; attend to arguo, arguere, argui, argutus argue; accuse assumo, assumere, assumpsi, assumptus take up, assume agnosco, agnoscere, agnovi, agnitus recognize, realize, acknowledge amitto, amittere, amisi, amissus lose; part with, dismiss ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, ascensus climb; rise, ascend attero, atterere, attrivi, attritus rub; grind; chafe attigo, attigere, attigi, attactus touch, taste; reach, achieve averto, avertere, averti, aversus avert, turn away benedico, benedicere, benedixi, benedictus bless; praise bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitus drink caedo, caedere, c(a)ecidi, caesus strike, beat, whip capio, capere, cepi, captus seize; grasp; arrest, capture cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus surround; enclose coepio, coepere, coepi, coeptus begin cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitus recognize; learn; inquire/examen cogo, cogere, coegi, coactus collect, gather colligo, colligere, collegi, collectus collect, gather; harvest colo, colere, colui, cultus honor, worship; cultivate, tend comedo, comedere, comedi, comesus eat, chew; consume committo, committere, commisi, commissus unite, connect; engage, commit compesco, compescere, compescui, - restrain, check; quench, supress; curb, confine compono, componere, composui, compositus build; compose comprehendo, comprehendere, comprehendi, comprehensus catch/seize/grasp firmly; embrace concedo, concedere, concessi, concessus concede, grant concipio, concipere, concepi, conceptus conceive; hold concupio, concupere, concupivi, concupitus desire; long for condo, condere, condidi, conditus found, establish, set up; put (away/together) conecto, conectere, conexi, conexus join, fasten, connect; tie conjungo, conjungere, conjunxi, conjunctus unite, bring together constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutus establish, create; erect; decide consulo, consulere, consului, consultus consult consurgo, consurgere, consurrexi, consurrectus rise; grow, spring up contero, conterere, contrivi, contritus grind, crush; bruise, crumble; grind/break down contingo, contingere, contigi, contactus to happen, befall, come to pass; be produced contraho, contrahere, contraxi, contractus enter into relationship/agreement/contract; unite, collect converto, convertere, converti, conversus turn around, rotate; reverse credo, credere, credidi, creditus believe, trust cresco, crescere, crevi, cretus grow; increase cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitus wish for; desire, want decedo, decedere, decessi, decessus depart; retire; die decerno, decernere, decrevi, decretus decide, determine; decree, declare dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditus dedicate, devote; surrender, yield defendo, defendere, defendi, defensus defend, guard, protect deficio, deficere, defeci, defectus fail, lack deligo, deligere, delegi, delectus choose, select demergo, demergere, demersi, demersus sink depello, depellere, depuli, depulsus repel; expel; remove; banish; drive away desino, desinere, desii, desitus cease, stop, end destruo, destruere, destruxi, destructus destroy, ruin detego, detegere, detexi, detectus uncover, expose, reveal (detected) detraho, detrahere, detraxi, detractus pull away; take away; remove; detract dico, dicere, dixi, dictus say, tell diffluo, diffluere, diffluxi, diffluctus diffuse; melt away; waste away diligo, diligere, dilexi, dilectus love; approve, esteem dimitto, dimittere, dimisi, dimissus send away, dismiss; forgive discedo, discedere, discessi, discessus depart, withdraw, go off disco, discere, didici, - learn dispicio, dispicere, dispexi, dispectus discern, distinguish; consider; discover dispono, disponere, disposui, dispositus dispose, order dissolvo, dissolvere, dissolvi, dissolutus dissolve, destroy; loosen, release; melt dirigo, dirigere, direxi, directus direct, steer, guide diruo, diruere, dirui, dirutus destroy, raze, demolish divido, dividere, divisi, divisus divide, separate; distribute, share duco, ducere, duxi, ductus lead; think efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus make, accomplish; produce, effect, cause effluo, effluere, effluxi, - flow; pass away ejicio, ejicere, ejeci, ejectus eject, expel, throw out, discharge eligo, eligere, elegi, electus pick out, choose (elect) erigo, erigere, erexi, erectus erect, build, raise eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus snatch, take; rescue erubesco, erubescere, erubui, - redden, blush; be ashamed of eruo, eruere, erui, erutus dig up, overthrow, destroy everto, evertere, everti, eversus overturn; overthrow, destroy, ruin evolvo, evolvere, evolvi, evolutus develop; unroll; unfold; explain excello, excellere, -, excelsus be preeminent; excel excipio, excipere, excepi, exceptus take out; remove excludo, excludere, exclusi, exclusus shut out; remove; exclude eximo, eximere, exemi, exemptus remove; free, release existo, existere, existiti, existitus appear; arise; become exsisto, exsistere, exstiti, - come forth, emerge, appear expello, expellere, expuli, expulsus expel, drive out exprimo, exprimere, expressi, expressus express, pronounce; imitate, copy; squeeze exstinguo, exstinguere, exstinxi, exstinctus extinguish, put out, quench exsurgo, exsurgere, exsurrexi, exsurrectus rise, arise, get up facio, facere, feci, factus do, make fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsus deceive fervesco, fervescere, -, - grow hot, grow fervent fingo, fingere, fixi, finctus create; produce; pretend; forge frango, frangere, fregi, fractus break, shatter; subdue, discourage fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitus flee fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus pour; scatter gero, gerere, gessi, gestus carry on; wage; accomplish; administer/manage impendo, impendere, impendi, impensus expend, spend; devote (to) impono, imponere, imposui, impositus impose incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptus begin; start includo, includere, inclusi, inclusus imprison, enclose; include induco, inducere, induxi, inductus induce, influence; introduce infigo, infigere, infixi, infixus affix, implant; nail infremo, infremere, infremui, - to groan, moan; bellow, roar ingemisco, ingemiscere, ingimui, - sigh, groan (in pain) in(j)icio, in(j)icere, injeci, injectus throw (in/into); inject; inspire, instill innotesco, innotescere, innotui, - become known/conspicuous inquiro, inquirere, inquisivi, inquisitus examine, investigate; search, seek instituo, instituere, institui, institutus institute, establish, found, make intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectus understand; realize intendo, intendere, intendi, intentus intend; stretch intercipio, intercipere, intercepi, interceptus intercept; cut off, block jacio, jacere, jeci, jactus cast, lay (foundation); throw; utter jungo, jungere, junxi, junctus join, unite; connect laedo, laedere, laesi, laesus hurt, injure, wound lego, legere, legi, lectus read; choose, pick out ludo, ludere, lusi, lusus play; tease, trick marcesco, marcescere, marcui, - wither, fade meto, metere, messui, messus reap, harvest metuo, metuere, metui, - fear minuo, minuere, minui, minutus diminish, lessen, reduce mitto, mittere, misi, missus send, throw nosco, noscere, (novi), (notus) to come to know [not found in T.1,2,3 or T.1s,2s - others have present meaning] occido, occidere, occidi, occisus kill; die occurro, occurrere, occurri, occursus run to meet; occur; oppose opprimo, opprimere, oppressi, oppressus suppress; overthrow; crush, overwhelm, oppress ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentus show; reveal; display, exhibit parco, parcere, peperci, parsus spare, be lenient to; economize (w/dat) pario, parere, peperi, partus beget, bring forth, produce; give birth to perago, peragere, peregi, peractus complete, finish; carry out / pass through; disturb, harass percipio, percipere, percepi, perceptus secure, gain; receive percutio, percutere, percussi, percussus hit, strike perduco, perducere, perduxi, perductus lead, guide; conduct, bring through perficio, perficere, perfeci, perfectus complete, finish perfundo, perfundere, perfudi, perfusus pour over, flood; coat permitto, permittere, permisi, permissus permit, allow perspicio, perspicere, perspexi, perspectus comprehend, understand; examine; observe peto, petere, petivi, petitus desire; request, ask (petition) pluit, pluere, pluit it rains (3rd person) pono, ponere, posui, positus put, place possideo, possidere, possedi, possessus possess, hold postpono, postponere, postposui, postpositus neglect; disregard; postpone praesumo, praesumere, praesum(p)si, praesumptus presume, presuppose; anticipate praetermitto, praetermittere, praetermisi, praetermissus let pass; pass over; overlook proicio, proicere, proieci, proiectus abandon; throw away procedo, procedere, processi, processus proceed; advance; appear promitto, promittere, promisi, promissus promise projicio, projicere, projeci, projectus throw down/out/away; abandon proveho, provehere, provexi, provectus advance; pass, promote propono, proponere, proposui, propositus propose; display prospicio, prospicere, prospexi, prospectus foresee; watch for, provide for psallo, psallere, psalli, - sing the psalms, play the cithara quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitus seek, search for quaeso, quaesere, -, - beg, ask (for), seek rapio, rapere, rapui, raptus drag off; seize; destroy recedo, recedere, recessi, recessus recede; retreat recipio, recipere, recepi, receptus accept, take in; take back, recover reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditus return; restore; render redigo, redigere, redegi, redactus reduce; drive back redimo, redimere, redemi, redemptus redeem reduco, reducere, reduxi, reductus bring back; restore; reduce rego, regere, rexi, rectus rule, direct relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictus relinquish, leave; remain (pass.) reprehendo, reprehendere, reprehendi, reprehensus seize, catch; blame, critize, scold requiesco, requiescere, requievi, requietus rest requiro, requirere, requisivi, requisitus require, seek, ask for; long for resisto, resistere, restiti, - resist respicio, respicere, respexi, respectus look back at; consider; respect; care for restituo, restituere, restitui, restitutus restore; revive ruo, ruere, rui, rutus destroy, ruin, overthrow; fall sapio, sapere, sapivi, - taste of; understand scido, scidere, scidi, scisus tear, rend scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptus write; compose {ad+ = add (in writing), insert} serpo, serpere, serpsi, serptus crawl; creep ahead solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus dissolve, loosen; release spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsus spread, scatter statuo, statuere, statui, statutus decide; establish submitto, submittere, submisi, submissus submit; put down subsisto, subsistere, substiti, - halt, stop succedo, succedere, successi, successus climb; advance; follow; succeed in surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus arise; grow suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptus accept, receive tango, tangere, tetigi, tactus touch tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus lift, raise; remove, take away; destroy trado, tradere, tradidi, traditus hand-over, deliver; relate, teach traho, trahere, traxi, tractus draw, drag; derive, get tribuo, tribuere, tribui, tributus divide, assign; grant, attribute trudo, trudere, trusi, trusus thrust, push, shove; force vado, vadere, vasi, - go, advance; rush, hurry; walk verto, vertere, verti, versus turn; change vinco, vincere, vici, victus conquer, defeat viso, visere, visi, visus visit, look at, go see vivo, vivere, vixi, victus be alive, live Group 3 irregular ------- affero, affer(e)re, attuli, allatus bring, carry aufero, aufer(e)re, abstuli, ablatus take away, remove confero, conferre, contuli, collatus confer, bestow, contribute, grant effero, efferre, extuli, elatus carry, bring out (for burial) fero, fer(e)re, tuli, latus bring; report, tell; receive, get offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatus offer; present; bestow refero, refer(e)re, rettuli, relatus bring back, return; report, relate suffero, sufferre, sustuli, sublatus bear, endure, suffer Group 4 ------- aperio, aperire, aperui, apertus open audio, audire, audivi, auditus hear, listen, accept {ex+ = hear clearly} convenio, convenire, conveni, conventus meet, convene, assemble custodio, custodire, custodivi, custoditus keep; guard dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitus sleep, rest expedio, expedire, expedivi, expeditus loosen, unravel; diengage, set free evenio, evenire, eveni, eventus come about; happen; turn out finio, finire, finivi, finitus finish; limit, end haurio, haurire, hausi, haustus drink impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditus impede, block, obstruct invenio, invenire, inveni, inventus discover, find; invent {ad+ = devise} munio, munire, munivi, munitus fortify; strengthen; protect, defend nescio, nescire, nescivi, - not know, be ignorant nutrio, nutrire, nutrivi, nutritus nourish, feed, nurse punio, punire, punivi, punitus punish prurio, prurire, -, -: v 3 4 itch, tingle (in anticipation) obvenio, obvenire, obveni, obventus meet, happen, fall to reperio, reperire, repperi, repertus discover, find scio, scire, scivi, scitus know, understand sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus feel venio, venire, veni, ventus come {per+ = arrive} vincio, vincire, vinxi, vinctus restrain; bind, fetter Other irregular verbs ------- fio, fieri, -, factus sum be made/done, become; happen, take place jubo, jubere, additional, forms order, command, decree Form like sum, esse, fui, futurus: ------- absum, abesse, abfui, abfuturus be missing; be lacking adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus be near, be present desum, deesse, defui, defuturus be wanting/lacking; fail; abandon intersum, interesse, interfui, interfuturus be among/between, present praesum, praeesse, praefui, praefuturus be in charge (of) (w/dat) supersum, superesse, superfui, - be left; survive possum, posse, potui, - can, be able Form like group 4, except time 3 is like group 1-2 ------- adeo, adire, adivi(ii), aditus visit; approach abeo, abire, abivi(ii), abitus depart, go away eo, ire, ivi(ii), itus go pereo, perire, perivi(ii), peritus perish redeo, redire, redivi(ii), reditus return, go back subeo, subire, subivi(ii), subitus undergo, endure Form like group 3 ------- nolo, nolle, nolui, - be unwilling; not want; refuse to malo, malle, malui, - prefer; incline toward, wish rather; volo, velle, volui, - wish, want Defective - T.1 only ------- aiio, -, - say (defective), assert; affirm aio, -, - say (defective), assert; affirm inquiam, -, - say (defective) Deponent Group 1 ------- arbitror, arbitrari, -, arbitratus sum think, judge, decide; observe adversor, adversari, -, adversatus sum be against (w/dat), oppose, withstand consolor, consolari, -, consolatus sum console, comfort contestor, contestari, -, contestatus sum attest, confess, call to witness epulor, epulari, -, epulatus sum feast; banquet exhortor, exhortari, -, exhortatus sum exhort, encourage glorior, gloriari, -, gloriatus sum boast, brag; glory gratulor, gratulari, -, gratulatus sum congratulate; thank hortor, hortari, -, hortatus sum encourage; exhort imitor, imitari, -, imitatus sum imitate interpretor, interpretari, -, interpretatus sum translate; decide; regard laetor, laetari, -, laetatus sum be glad/joyful; rejoice meditor, meditari, -, meditatus sum consider; meditate moderor, moderari, -, moderatus sum guide; control; direct; govern obtestor, obtestari, -, obtestatus sum implore; call to witness operor, operari, -, operatus sum labor, work; perform; devote oneself otior, otiari, -, otiatus sum be lazy, at leisure, on holiday periclitor, periclitari, -, periclitatus sum try, prove, test precor, precari, -, precatus sum beg, implore, entreat; pray, supplicate, beseech reluctor, reluctari, -, reluctatus sum resist, oppose, strugle against vociferor, vociferari, -, vociferatus sum shout, yell, scream, cry out Deponent Group 2 ------- audeo, audere, ausi, ausus sum dare, have courage; act boldy; be prepared confiteor, confiteri, -, confessus sum confess, admit gaudeo, gaudere, -, gavisus sum be glad, rejoice fateor, fateri, -, fassus sum admit, confess mereor, mereri, -, meritus sum merit, deserve; earn misereor, misereri, -, misertus sum pity; show mercy (w/gen) profiteor, profiteri, -, professus sum declare; profess revereor, revereri, -, reveritus sum reverence, revere, venerate; respect, honor, fear tueor, tueri, -, tu(i)tus sum protect, watch; see, look at Deponent Group 3 ------- confido, confidere, -, confisus sum trust, believe; have confidence in, be confident diffido, diffidere, -, diffisus sum distrust; doubt, despair egredior, egredi, -, egressus sum surpass, go beyond; leave, exceed exsequor, exsequi, -, exsecutus sum perform; accomplish; carry out fio, fieri, -, factus sum be made, become; happen, take place loquor, loqui, -, locutus sum speak; talk {pro+ = e+ = speak out, utter} morior, mori, -, mortuus sum die nascor, nasci, -, natus sum be born; start, originate nitor, niti, -, nixus sum strive, press; struggle; advance obliviscor, oblivisci, -, oblitus sum forget (w/gen) persequor, persequi, -, persecutus sum pursue; overtake; attack progredior, progredi, -, progressus sum go, (forward); advance, proceed, make progress regredior, regredi, -, regressus sum go back, return, retreat; renascor, renasci, -, renatus sum be reborn, be renewed, be revived; revertor, reverti, -, reversus sum turn back, go back, return; recur; sequor, sequi, -, secutus sum follow, accompany; pursue transgredior, transgredi, -, transgressus sum cross (over) ulciscor, ulcisci, -, ultus sum avenge; punish utor, uti, -, usus sum use, make use of, enjoy (w/abl); Deponent Group 4 ------- largior, largiri, -, largitus sum grant; give generously ordior, ordiri, -, orsus sum begin orior, oriri, -, oritus sum rise; appear; begin, proceed Semi-Deponents ------- There are 7 verbs like: audeo, gaudeo, soleo, fido (confido, diffido) called semi-deponents. Active & passive forms in T.1-t.3, but only passive with active meaning in T.4-t.6. ------- Verbs of placing that take the Abl. with "in" - designate the "result of motion" rather than the motion itself Ponere - to place Locare - to put Statuere - to set Considere - to settle Defigere - to plant Demergere - to plunge Imprimere - to press upon Insculpere - to engrave Inscribere - to write upon Incidere - to carve up Includere - to shut up Cicero: "Plato rationem in capite posuit, iram in pectore locavit" Plato has put reason in the head. He placed anger in the heart.